家用电器防触电不可忽视的两个技术措施——接地(或接零)和便用漏电保护器

本文从技术角度阐述了安全使用家用电器防触电的类型,提出了家用电器防止触电避免安全事故发生的具体技术措施。     

English county councils and their agenda for waste minimisation

Minimisation is the top priority of the waste management hierarchy, which is one of the guiding principals for national solid waste management planning throughout the developed world. As such it should be encouraged as a means for reducing wastes which require treatment and disposal, whether they be household, commercial or industrial in source. This paper suggests that minimisation is not being given the necessary policy frameworks or legislation within which to develop in the UK, and questions whether minimisation is being afforded the respect and attention, from all levels, that is due the most preferable waste option according to the hierarchy. This theme is investigated by surveying the county councils of England as a representative sample of waste disposal authorities in England, and former waste regulation authorities. They are responsible for guiding local and district waste policy and are the regional waste planners in the UK. If they are not seriously taking on board the message of minimisation, then there is little chance that it will succeed without further legislative developments. Some 59% of English counties have a minimisation policy, whilst only 47% have participated in and supported a minimisation programme or trial within their region. The majority of these developments have occurred within the last three years, and 78% of counties who have participated in a programme have found it a successful venture. By 1999 79% of English counties will have been actively involved in a minimisation programme in their region, which is a positive scenario. This trend must continue if waste minimisation is to become the key theme of future sustainable waste management in the UK as was intended by declarations at the Rio '92 conference and in subsequent UK Government policy and strategy.     

长江、嘉陵江重庆段生活垃圾污染负荷研究

通过对重庆市生活垃圾的取样分析，得出重庆市城区、郊区城镇生活垃圾中污染物含量，从而计算出重庆现有的生活垃圾污染负荷。同时，对重庆市到２０００年生活垃圾污染负荷进行了预测，为重庆市水污染控制规划提供了必须的生活垃圾污染负荷数据。     

棉田施用城市垃圾肥效果研究

棉田连续两年施用城市生活垃圾的增产效果及对土壤物理性质影响的试验结果表明，棉田配合施用城市生活垃圾与无机肥料，随着垃圾施用量及施用年限的增加，增产效果达显著与极显著水平，土壤忆隙度明显提高、容重明显降低。     

采空场处理与利用

地下采空场既是一种隐患，又是一种资源。介绍了采空场的若干应用；包括水充填、尾砂充填、垃圾充填，对空场处理有借鉴意义。     

城市家庭节能措施选择偏好的联合分析——对山东省济南市居民的抽样调查

节能是提高能效、减少污染、实现能源可持续消费的有效手段。本文以山东省济南市居民节能措施选择的实地调查数据为基础．运用联合分析方法对其所涉及的节能项目、途径、成本和效果诸方面的偏好程度如何影响节能措施的最终选择进行了实证分析．结果显示：居民在进行节能活动时，首要考虑的是节能措施的效果。其次是节能成本和项目。而对节能实现途径不太关注；居民更偏好效果明显、成本低的节能措施；倾向于简单、初级的行为节能方式（改变用能习惯）；在技术节能方式中。更倾向通过购买能效用具而非改造原来用具实现节能。同时．本文对于不同特征家庭能源消费者选择节能措施的偏好差异也进行了分析。从而为政府推进全社会节能提供决策指导。     

禁牧政策及其效应解析

近年来,各地对脆弱生态环境的改善手段逐步从生态建设为主转向建设和保护并重的方向。禁牧政策便是影响重大的保护措施之一。通过对实施禁牧政策较早的、位于农牧交错带的内蒙古伊金霍洛旗的实地调查和分析发现,全年禁牧政策对保护和恢复面积广大的林草地生态环境很有效,但它与当地农牧户畜牧业生产的现实矛盾较大,执行率只有52.98％。因此,提出改变限制性禁牧政策为引导性禁牧政策的观点,实行有弹性的禁牧政策,以及农牧户改变畜牧业生产方式和调整畜种结构等政策调适建议。     

Social disruption,mine closure and housing policy: evidence from the Free State Goldfields,South Africa

The creation of mine settlements became a common practice between 1950 and 1980. These mining towns were seen as places of permanent settlement. This permanency, together with the privatisation of mine‐owned houses (mid‐1980s) increased place attachment. Mine decline thus brought with it some form of social disruption. Whereas mining companies in Australia have attempted to minimise the social disruption caused by mine closure by introducing fly‐in‐fly‐out arrangements, the post‐apartheid housing policy in South Africa has focused on asset building in mining areas. We completed 180 interviews with representatives of households. The survey formed part of a panel survey and further included a control group and 15 qualitative interviews. Our results indicate that though members of the mining community have housing units that are larger than those of the control group, incomes are lower in the mining community, real income is in decline, smaller numbers of household members are contributing to income, self‐assessments of wealth are characterised by lower ratings, household assets increase at a slower pace, and there is a stronger preference to continue to reside in the area. All of the above serves to illustrate the consequences of the asset‐based strategies embedded in South African housing policy. The social disruption associated with mine closure further tends to lock households into locations, and thus inhibits mobility.     

中国居民消费碳排放影响因素的时空异质性

研究我国居民消费间接碳排放的阶段性和区域性特征,对于制定社会经济新常态发展下的碳减排策略具有重要的现实意义.利用投入产出法和结构分解分析法,核算了2002~2017年中国居民消费间接碳排放水平,量化了影响因素对间接碳排放的贡献;利用地理加权回归模型定量描述了省域间接碳排放的时空分异特征.结果显示:2002~2017年中国居民消费间接碳排放呈现先增长后下降的趋势,“食品”类和“居住”类消费是其主要来源,占比42%~48%.新常态下,“直接碳排放强度”、“生产技术”和“消费倾向”因素的抑制作用显著加强,大大抵消了“收入规模”、“人口”及“消费结构”因素对碳排放的促进作用,促使碳排放降低了145MtC.省域间接碳排放从东至西呈现递减的分布特征,表现出一定的集聚性.碳排放的影响因素具有空间异质性,“生产技术”与碳排放呈现负相关关系,其他因素呈现正相关关系.其中,“人口”、“收入规模”及“直接碳排放强度”对碳排放的影响程度较为突出.     

可持续发展研究新方向:家庭可持续消费研究

可持续的家庭消费问题已经成为国际上的热点问题。本文首先对可持续家庭消费的研究进行了综述，再结合当前中国家庭的能源消费、水资源消费和垃圾排放的环境影响，提出了在中国进行可持续家庭消费研究的重要意义。